Learn Linear Control Systems with MATLAB Applications from B.S. Manke's Book
Linear Control Systems with MATLAB Applications by B.S. Manke
A linear control system is a system that can be described by a set of linear equations or functions that relate the input variables, output variables, and state variables of the system.
linear control system with matlab application by b s manke.rar
MATLAB is a software platform that allows users to perform numerical computations, data analysis, visualization, programming, simulation, testing, and prototyping.
Linear control systems are widely used in engineering and science fields such as electrical, mechanical, aerospace, chemical, biomedical, robotics, etc.
Learning how to model, analyze, design, and implement linear control systems using MATLAB can help students, researchers, engineers, and scientists to solve complex problems in a fast and efficient way.
One of the best books that covers this topic is Linear Control Systems with MATLAB Applications by B.S. Manke.
This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of linear control systems using MATLAB.
The book covers various topics such as mathematical modeling of control systems, frequency response analysis, stability analysis, design of control systems, discrete-time control systems, etc.
The book also includes numerous examples, exercises, solutions, MATLAB codes, and MATLAB screenshots to illustrate the concepts and methods of linear control systems.
The book is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students of engineering and science, as well as for professionals and practitioners who want to learn and apply linear control systems using MATLAB.
Chapter 1: Mathematical Modeling of Control Systems
In this chapter, the book introduces the basic concepts and methods of mathematical modeling of control systems.
A mathematical model is a representation of a physical system using mathematical equations or functions that describe the behavior and characteristics of the system.
There are two common ways to model linear control systems: transfer function and state-space models.
Transfer function and state-space models
A transfer function is a ratio of the Laplace transform of the output variable to the Laplace transform of the input variable, assuming zero initial conditions.
A transfer function describes the input-output relationship of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system in the frequency domain.
A state-space model is a set of first-order differential equations that describe the evolution of the state variables of a system in the time domain.
A state-space model describes the state-output relationship and the state-input relationship of a system in the time domain.
The book shows how to obtain the transfer function or the state-space model of a linear control system from its physical diagram or its differential equation.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as tf, ss, zpk, tf2ss, ss2tf, etc. to create, manipulate, and convert between transfer function and state-space models.
Block diagram reduction and signal flow graph
A block diagram is a graphical representation of a control system using blocks, arrows, and symbols that indicate the components, connections, inputs, outputs, and feedback loops of the system.
A block diagram can be reduced to a simpler form by applying some rules and techniques such as series combination, parallel combination, feedback combination, shifting take-off point, shifting summing point, etc.
A signal flow graph is another graphical representation of a control system using nodes, branches, and gains that indicate the variables, paths, and coefficients of the system.
A signal flow graph can be simplified by applying some rules and techniques such as Mason's gain formula, loop elimination, node elimination, etc.
The book shows how to draw and reduce block diagrams and signal flow graphs for linear control systems.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as feedback, series, parallel, simplify, etc. to perform block diagram reduction and signal flow graph simplification.
Time response analysis
Time response analysis is the study of how a control system responds to an input signal in the time domain.
Time response analysis can be used to evaluate the transient and steady-state behavior of a control system, such as rise time, settling time, peak time, peak overshoot, steady-state error, etc.
The book shows how to perform time response analysis for linear control systems using analytical methods such as inverse Laplace transform, final value theorem, initial value theorem, etc. as well as graphical methods such as step response plot, ramp response plot, impulse response plot, etc.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as step, ramp, impulse, lsim, initial, etc. to perform time response analysis and plot time response curves for linear control systems.
Chapter 2: Frequency Response Analysis
In this chapter, the book introduces the basic concepts and methods of frequency response analysis.
Frequency response analysis is the study of how a control system responds to an input signal in the frequency domain.
Frequency response analysis can be used to evaluate the stability and performance of a control system, such as gain margin, phase margin, bandwidth, resonance frequency, resonance peak, etc.
The book shows how to perform frequency response analysis for linear control systems using analytical methods such as Bode plot, Nyquist plot, etc. as well as graphical methods such as polar plot, Nichols plot, etc.
Bode plot and Nyquist plot
A Bode plot is a graphical representation of the frequency response of a control system using two plots: a magnitude plot and a phase plot.
A Bode plot shows how the magnitude and phase of the output signal vary with the frequency of the input signal.
A Nyquist plot is another graphical representation of the frequency response of a control system using a single plot: a complex plane plot.
A Nyquist plot shows how the complex-valued output signal varies with the frequency of the input signal.
The book shows how to obtain the Bode plot and the Nyquist plot of a linear control system from its transfer function or its frequency response function.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as bode, nyquist, margin, allmargin, etc. to perform Bode plot and Nyquist plot analysis and calculate stability margins for linear control systems.
Polar plot and Nichols plot
A polar plot is a graphical representation of the frequency response of a control system using a single plot: a polar coordinate plot.
A polar plot shows how the magnitude and phase of the output signal vary with the frequency of the input signal in polar coordinates.
A Nichols plot is another graphical representation of the frequency response of a control system using a single plot: a Cartesian coordinate plot.
A Nichols plot shows how the magnitude and phase of the closed-loop output signal vary with the frequency of the input signal in Cartesian coordinates.
The book shows how to obtain the polar plot and the Nichols plot of a linear control system from its transfer function or its frequency response function.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as polar, nichols, ngrid, etc. to perform polar plot and Nichols plot analysis and visualize the frequency response of linear control systems.
Chapter 3: Stability Analysis
In this chapter, the book introduces the basic concepts and methods of stability analysis.
Stability analysis is the study of how a control system behaves when subjected to disturbances or perturbations.
Stability analysis can be used to determine whether a control system will remain bounded, converge, or diverge when subjected to disturbances or perturbations.
The book shows how to perform stability analysis for linear control systems using various methods such as Routh-Hurwitz criterion, root locus method, Lyapunov stability theorem, Popov criterion, etc.
Routh-Hurwitz criterion and root locus method
Routh-Hurwitz criterion is a method that uses an array of coefficients to determine the number and location of roots of a characteristic equation in the left-half or right-half plane.
Routh-Hurwitz criterion can be used to determine whether a linear control system is stable, marginally stable, or unstable based on the number and location of poles in the left-half or right-half plane.
Root locus method is a method that uses a set of rules to plot the locus of roots of a characteristic equation as a parameter varies from zero to infinity.
Root locus method can be used to determine how the stability and performance of a linear control system vary with the variation of a parameter such as gain, time constant, etc.
The book shows how to apply Routh-Hurwitz criterion and root locus method to analyze the stability of linear control systems.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as routh, rlocus, rlocfind, sgrid, etc. to perform Routh-Hurwitz criterion and root locus method analysis and plot root loci for linear control systems. Lyapunov stability theorem and Popov criterion
Lyapunov stability theorem is a method that uses a scalar function called Lyapunov function to analyze the stability of nonlinear systems.
Lyapunov stability theorem can be used to determine whether a nonlinear system is stable, asymptotically stable, or unstable based on the properties of the Lyapunov function and its derivative along the system trajectories.
Popov criterion is a method that uses a frequency domain inequality to analyze the stability of nonlinear systems with time-varying feedback.
Popov criterion can be used to determine whether a nonlinear system with time-varying feedback is absolutely stable, conditionally stable, or unstable based on the parameters of the system and the feedback.
The book shows how to apply Lyapunov stability theorem and Popov criterion to analyze the stability of nonlinear systems.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as lyap, lyapunov, popov, etc. to perform Lyapunov stability theorem and Popov criterion analysis and calculate Lyapunov functions and Popov bounds for nonlinear systems.
Chapter 4: Design of Control Systems
In this chapter, the book introduces the basic concepts and methods of design of control systems.
Design of control systems is the process of selecting or modifying the parameters or components of a control system to achieve desired specifications or objectives such as stability, performance, robustness, etc.
The book shows how to design control systems for linear systems using various methods such as PID control, lead-lag compensation, state feedback control, observer design, optimal control, LQR design, etc.
PID control and lead-lag compensation
PID control is a method that uses a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller to adjust the output signal of a control system based on the error signal between the reference signal and the feedback signal.
PID control can be used to improve the transient and steady-state behavior of a control system, such as reducing rise time, settling time, peak overshoot, steady-state error, etc.
Lead-lag compensation is a method that uses a lead-lag compensator to modify the phase and magnitude of the output signal of a control system based on the frequency of the input signal.
Lead-lag compensation can be used to improve the stability and performance of a control system, such as increasing gain margin, phase margin, bandwidth, etc.
The book shows how to design PID controllers and lead-lag compensators for linear systems using analytical methods such as root locus method, frequency response method, etc. as well as graphical methods such as Bode plot, Nyquist plot, etc.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as pid, pidtune, pidtool, rlocus, bode, nyquist, margin, etc. to design PID controllers and lead-lag compensators and plot their effects on linear systems.
State feedback control and observer design
State feedback control is a method that uses a state feedback controller to adjust the input signal of a control system based on the state variables of the system.
State feedback control can be used to place the poles of a closed-loop system at desired locations to achieve desired specifications or objectives such as stability, performance, robustness, etc.
Observer design is a method that uses an observer to estimate the state variables of a system from the output variables and the input variables of the system.
Observer design can be used to implement state feedback control when some or all of the state variables are not directly measurable or available.
The book shows how to design state feedback controllers and observers for state-space models using analytical methods such as pole placement method, Ackermann's formula method, etc. as well as graphical methods such as root locus method, etc.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as place, acker, rlocus, ss2tf, tf2ss, ss2ss, obsv, kalmf, etc. to design state feedback controllers and observers and convert between state-space models and transfer function models.
Optimal control and LQR design
Optimal control is a method that uses an optimal controller to minimize or maximize a performance index or a cost function of a control system.
Optimal control can be used to achieve the best possible performance or efficiency of a control system under certain constraints or conditions.
LQR design is a method that uses a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) to design an optimal controller for a linear system with a quadratic performance index or a quadratic cost function.
LQR design can be used to balance the trade-off between the control effort and the output error of a linear system.
The book shows how to design optimal controllers using LQR method for linear systems using analytical methods such as Riccati equation method, etc. as well as graphical methods such as root locus method, etc.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as lqr, dlqr, care, dare, rlocus, etc. to design optimal controllers using LQR method and plot their effects on linear systems.
Chapter 5: Discrete-Time Control Systems
In this chapter, the book introduces the basic concepts and methods of discrete-time control systems.
A discrete-time control system is a system that operates on discrete-time signals or sequences, which are signals that are defined only at discrete instants of time or at regular intervals of time.
Discrete-time control systems are often used in digital computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors, etc.
Learning how to model, analyze, design, and implement discrete-time control systems using MATLAB can help students, researchers, engineers, and scientists to solve complex problems in a fast and efficient way.
The book covers various topics such as Z-transform and inverse Z-transform, discrete-time system analysis, discrete-time system design, etc.
Z-transform and inverse Z-transform
Z-transform is a mathematical tool that converts a discrete-time signal or sequence into a complex-valued function of a complex variable z.
Z-transform can be used to convert between continuous-time and discrete-time domains, as well as to perform various operations on discrete-time signals such as convolution, differentiation, integration, etc.
Inverse Z-transform is the inverse operation of Z-transform that converts a complex-valued function of z into a discrete-time signal or sequence.
Inverse Z-transform can be used to obtain the time domain representation of a discrete-time signal from its frequency domain representation.
The book shows how to perform Z-transform and inverse Z-transform for discrete-time signals using analytical methods such as direct method, partial fraction expansion method, long division method, etc. as well as graphical methods such as pole-zero plot, contour plot, etc.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as ztrans, iztrans, residue, deconv, zplane, czt, etc. to perform Z-transform and inverse Z-transform and plot pole-zero plots and contour plots for discrete-time signals.
Discrete-time system analysis
Discrete-time system analysis is the study of how a discrete-time control system responds to an input signal in the time domain or in the frequency domain.
Discrete-time system analysis can be used to evaluate the stability, performance, and frequency response of a discrete-time control system, such as difference equation, characteristic equation, characteristic roots, stability region, unit sample response, unit circle plot, etc.
The book shows how to perform discrete-time system analysis for discrete-time control systems using analytical methods such as difference equation method, characteristic equation method, characteristic root method, etc. as well as graphical methods such as unit sample response plot, unit circle plot, etc.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as conv, roots, poly, impz, ucplot, etc. to perform discrete-time system analysis and plot unit sample response curves and unit circle plots for discrete-time control systems.
Discrete-time system design
Discrete-time system design is the process of selecting or modifying the parameters or components of a discrete-time control system to achieve desired specifications or objectives such as stability, performance, robustness, etc.
The book shows how to design discrete-time control systems for discrete-time systems using various methods such as pole placement, deadbeat control, digital PID, etc.
Pole placement and deadbeat control
Pole placement is a method that uses a state feedback controller to place the poles of a closed-loop discrete-time system at desired locations to achieve desired specifications or objectives such as stability, performance, robustness, etc.
Deadbeat control is a special case of pole placement that places all the poles of a closed-loop discrete-time system at the origin to achieve zero steady-state error and minimum settling time.
The book shows how to design pole placement and deadbeat controllers for discrete-time systems using analytical methods such as Ackermann's formula method, etc. as well as graphical methods such as root locus method, etc.
The book also shows how to use MATLAB commands such as acker, rlocus, ss2tf, tf2ss, ss2ss, etc. to design pole place